Health-seeking intention for urinary incontinence among adult women in Gansu Province / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the health-seeking intention for urinary incontinence among adult women in Gansu Province, so as to provide insights into the management of female urinary incontinence.@*Methods @#Women at ages of 20 years and older who lived in 8 communities and 8 villages of Gansu Province for at least one year were recruited using the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020, and the demographic features, urinary incontinence status and health-seeking intention were collected and descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 3 580 questionnaires were allocated and 3 485 were recovered, with a recovery rate of 97.35%. The respondents had a mean age of ( 51.18±17.13 ) years, with 1 759 respondents ( 50.47% ) that lived in urban areas, and 1 726 ( 49.53% ) that lived in rural areas. There were 1 150 respondents with self-reported urinary incontinence ( 33.00% prevalence ), including 340 cases with stress urinary incontinence ( 29.57% ), 78 cases with urge urinary incontinence ( 6.78% ) and 732 cases with mixed urinary incontinence ( 63.65% ). The overall proportion of health-seeking intention for urinary incontinence was 41.57%, and the proportions of health-seeking intention were 51.76%, 39.74% and 37.02% for stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence, respectively. The proportion of health-seeking intention for urinary incontinence appeared a tendency towards a decline with the increase in household monthly income per capita and frequency of urinary leakage, and appeared a tendency towards a rise with the increase in educational levels ( P<0.05 ). In addition, a higher proportion of health-seeking intention for urinary incontinence was seen in women living in urban areas than in rural areas (5 3.63% vs. 31.98%, P<0.05 ), and a higher proportion was found in women with mental labors than in those with physical labors ( 60.81% vs. 40.24%, P<0.05 ), while a higher proportion was found in married women than in divorced or widowed women ( 44.33% vs. 23.53%, P<0.05 ).@*Conclusions@#There is a low proportion of health-seeking intention for urinary incontinence among adult women in Gansu Province. Age, occupation, place of residence, educational level, income, marital status, and frequency of urine leakage may affect the intention to seek medical care for urinary incontinence among adult women.

Factores asociados a Chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres con vaginitis atendidas en atención primaria en salud / Factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in women with vaginitis attending in primary health care

INTRODUCCIÓN: Chlamydia trachomatis es reconocida como el agente causal de una de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) más común y curable. En mujeres, puede ser gatillante de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, un factor de riesgo para infertilidad o adquisición de otras ITS. OBJETIVO: Determinar C. trachomatis en mujeres con diagnóstico clínico de vaginitis asociando factores sociodemográficos, sexuales, clínicos y microbiota vaginal. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Participaron 121 mujeres voluntarias > 18 años, con diagnóstico clínico de vaginitis y descarga vaginal anormal, atendidas en servicios de atención primaria en salud (APS) en Temuco-Chile. Se tomó muestra de flujo vaginal, determinándose C. trachomatis por una reacción de polimerasa en cadena convencional y microbiota vaginal por tinción de Gram. Se colectaron datos clínicos, sociodemográficos y sexuales mediante encuesta. RESULTADOS: Rango de edad 18-61 años. La frecuencia de C. trachomatis fue 14,9%. Se asoció C. trachomatis a mayor número de parejas sexuales en los últimos 5 años (p = 0,001), relaciones sexuales oral más anal (p = 0,055) y juguetes sexuales (p = 0,027). Asociación no significativa hubo con vaginosis bacteriana 31,2% (p = 0,091) e inicio de la actividad sexual < 18 años 20,6% (p = 0,07). CONCLUSIONES: Sería beneficioso incorporar en la semiología ginecológica de las mujeres atendidas en servicios de APS, los factores encontrados como favorecedores de infección por C. trachomatis, pues ello podría ayudar al manejo de esta ITS.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is recognized as the causative agent of one of the most common and curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In women, it can be a trigger for pelvic inflammatory disease, a risk factor for infertility or acquisition of other STIs. AIM: To determine CT in women with vaginitis and associate it with sociodemographic, sexual, clinical, and vaginal microbiota factors. Methods: 121 female volunteers > 18 years of age, with a clinical diagnosis of vaginitis and abnormal vaginal discharge, attending in primary health care services (PHC) in Temuco-Chile were recluted. A vaginal discharge sample was taken, determining C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction and vaginal microbiota by Gram stain. Clinical, sociodemographic and sexual data were collected by survey. RESULTS: Age range was 18-61 years. The frequency of C. trachomatis was 14.9%. C. trachomatis was associated with a higher number of sexual partners in the last 5 years (p = 0.001), oral plus anal sex (p = 0.055) and sex toys (p = 0.027); there was a non-significant association with bacterial vaginosis 31.2% (p = 0.091) and initiation of sexual activity < 18 years 20.6% (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: It would be beneficial to incorporate in the gynecological semiology of the women attended in PHC services, the factors found to favor C. trachomatis infection, as this could help the management of this STI.

Risk factors of adjacent vertebral collapse after kyphoplasty with cement injection in older adult women / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Up to now, there are no reports on the risk factors of adjacent vertebral fractures after kyphoplasty with bone cement injection in older adult women in Haikou city or Hainan province of China. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of adjacent vertebral collapse (fracture) in older adult women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures after kyphoplasty with cement injection. METHODS: 192 older adult women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, aged 61 -84 years, who underwent kyphoplasty with bone cement injection during January 2015-October 2018 in Hainan General Hospital, were included in this study. General indexes, orthopedic indexes, and the incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures within 3 months after surgery were recorded. The correlation between patient's medical records and adjacent vertebral fractures after surgery was analyzed. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hainan General Hospital of China (approval No. 20180917). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Adjacent vertebral fractures occurred in 53 patients (68 vertebrae) within 3 months after surgery. The incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures was 27. 60%. (2) Univariate analysis showed that age, body mass index, menopausal age, diabetes mellitus, bone mineral density T value, the number of augmented vertebral bodies, bone cement extravasation, amount of bone cement and use of zoledronic acid after surgery could affect the occurrence of adjacent vertebral fractures after kyphoplasty (P 0. 05). (3) Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age (s 75 years old), bone mineral density T value (< -4. 5), bone cement extravasation, and the number of augmented vertebral bodies were risk factors for adjacent vertebral fractures (P < 0. 05). Menopausal age (£ 47 years old) and use of zoledronic acid after surgery were protective factors for adjacent vertebral fractures (P < 0. 05). (4) The results showed that in older adult women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated by kyphoplasty, in addition to age, bone mineral density T value, bone cement extravasation, the number of augmented vertebral bodies, and anti-osteoporosis treatment, premature menopause should also be paid attention to.

Síndrome de Turner: nuestra experiencia en la creación del Registro Institucional y de la Unidad Interdisciplinaria en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires: un primer paso para el mejor seguimiento / Turner syndrome: our experience in the creation of the Registry Institutional and Interdisciplinary Unit at the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires: a first step to the best follow-up

El síndrome de Turner (ST) resulta de la ausencia completa o parcial del segundo cromosoma sexual en fenotipos femeninos. Tiene una incidencia de 1:2000- 2500 nacidas vivas. Recién en la última década se ha puesto atención a la salud de las adultas con ST. La mortalidad es 3 veces superior respecto de la población general debido al riesgo de disección aórtica por anomalías cardiovasculares estructurales y aterosclerosis vinculada a hipertensión arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia y obesidad. También presentan elevada prevalencia de enfermedades autoinmunitarias. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del seguimiento clínico de pacientes adultas con ST, comparando los controles de salud preconformación y posconformación del Registro y de la Unidad Interdisciplinaria. En el año 2017 fuimos convocados para integrar el Programa de Enfermedades Raras del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. A partir de la creación del Registro Institucional y del equipo multidisciplinario obtuvimos mejoría significativa en los controles por las especialidades de cardiología, endocrinología y otorrinolaringología, en los controles bioquímicos del metabolismo lipídico, hidrocarbonado, hepatograma, TSH y anticuerpos para celiaquía e imágenes cardiovasculares y densitometría ósea. En conclusión, el seguimiento sistematizado e institucional, mediante el Registro y la creación de la Unidad Interdisciplinaria de Síndrome de Turner, permitió encontrar las falencias del sistema de atención y optimizar el seguimiento de esta población. (AU)

Turner syndrome (TS) results from the complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome in female phenotypes. It has an incidence of 1: 2000-2500 girls born alive. Only in the last decade has been paid attention to the health of adults women with TS. Mortality is 3 times higher than in the general population due to the risk of aortic dissection cause to structural cardiovascular anomalies and atherosclerosis related to hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. They also have a high prevalence of autoimmune diseases. Until nowadays in Argentina do not exist a national registry of this disease that complies with the international follow-up recommendations for these patients. We proposed to develop the institutional register at 2014 and a multidisciplinary team was created to care and follow up girls and women with TS during 2015. It was indexed to Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires' Rare Diseases Program since 2017. After the creation of the institutional registry and the multidisciplinary team we obtained a significant improvement in cardiology, endocrinology and otorhinolaryngology schedule visits, in lipids and hydrocarbon metabolism, liver, thyroid and celiac diseases biochemical controls and in the performance of cardiovascular MNR and bone densitometry. In conclusion, the systematized and institutional follow-up, through the registry and the creation of the Interdisciplinary Unit of Turner Syndrome, allowed us to find the flaws of the care system and to optimize the follow up of this population. (AU)

Food purchase in e-commerce and its relation to food habit of adult women in Incheon and Gyeonggi / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the food purchases from e-commerce and its relation to eating behaviors or habits in adult women in Incheon and Gyeonggi. METHODS: A total of 410 subjects participated in the questionnaire survey. Food purchases in e-commerce and food habits were compared according to age, marital status, and food purchase status in e-commerce of the subjects. RESULTS: Approximately 88% of the subjects had experience of buying foods by e-commerce; more than 40% of the subjects spent less than 100,000 Won buying foods by e-commerce in the past 6 months. The major purchases were coffee and tea, instant food and frozen food, and water and beverages. The reasons for buying foods in e-commerce were cheaper price, convenience of delivery, and variety of food choices. The main factors considered for purchasing foods in e-commerce were price and quality followed by rapid and accurate delivery, and food label and information. Approximately 70% of the subjects were very satisfied or satisfied with their food purchase in e-commerce, and 96% answered that they were willing to buy food in e-commerce again. The perception on the advantages of food purchases in e-commerce was 3.6 points out of 5 and significantly lower in the over 50s and married group. The subjects with experience and high cost of food purchase in e-commerce showed significantly low scores of dietary behaviors and eating habits, which is undesirable. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of people purchased foods by e-commerce, and they showed undesirable eating habits, especially when the cost of purchasing foods by e-commerce is high. These results showed that purchasing foods in e-commerce may be related to consumers' food habits. Therefore, continuous attention and nutrition guidance for e-commerce consumers are needed.

Distribution and social determinants of overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study of non-pregnant adult women from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Hitherto regarded as a public health issue of well-heeled nations, overweight and obesity have emerged as a problem of concern in developing nations. Although social and demographic factors are equally important as proximal lifestyle factors affecting health, their role is neither well researched nor well understood. We conducted a novel study to determine the distribution, prevalence, and social and demographic determinants of overweight/obesity in Malawi.METHODS: A population-based, quantitative cross-sectional study using data from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) was conducted among non-pregnant women aged 18–49 years. A total of 6,443 women were included in the analysis. Overweight/obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m² , was the main outcome variable. The analysis was done in SPSS version 20.0; after calculating descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate associations and determine odds.RESULTS: In total, 16.8% and 6.3% of women were overweight and obese, respectively (p<0.001). Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The BMI distribution among women varied across different background characteristics. Women from the Ngoni ethnicity were more likely to be overweight/obese than others (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 2.08). Socioeconomic status (SES) and the age of the respondent were highly significant determinants that were strongly associated with being overweight/obese. The richest women were 3 times more likely to be overweight/obese than the poorest (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 2.46 to 4.43).CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity were highly prevalent and significantly associated with increasing SES, age, and being from the Ngoni ethnicity. Holistic interventions should also focus on improving social determinants in order to entirely curb the epidemic.

Factores asociados a glucemia alterada en ayunas en mujeres adultas no diabéticas / Glycaemic profile and its association with related factors insulin resistance in adult women without diabetes

RESUMEN Introducción: La identificación e intervención de los estados metabólicos previos a la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2), permite evitar la aparición de la enfermedad en un alto porcentaje de los casos. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados a los valores de glucemia alterada en ayunas (GAA) en mujeres adultas no diabéticas, concurrentes a consulta nutricional en Centro Endocrinológico de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico en muestra no probabilística de 316 mujeres (40 a 65 años) no diabéticas, clasificadas según la glucemia en ayunas en dos grupos (Gl <100 mg/dl y Gl ≥100 y <126 mg/dl). Se estudiaron como factores de riesgo relacionados a la GAA: circunferencia de cintura aumentada (CC) >88 cm, peso no saludable según Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) ≥27 kg/m2, sedentarismo (menos de 150 minutos por semana de actividad física programada), hipertensión arterial (HTA: ≥140/90 mmHg) y relación TG/HDL-C elevada (≥3). Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS 19.0 calculando media, desvío estándar y test de Chi cuadrado. El nivel de significación estadístico se fijó en p <0,05. Resultados: La edad media fue 53,6 (DS = 6,5) años, siendo el 35,8% premenopáusicas y 64,2% postmenopáusicas. El 33,2% de la muestra presentó GAA. El 52,8% presentó peso no saludable y el 45,3% CC aumentada. El 66,5% fue sedentaria, el 21,5% HTA y el 22,2% relación TG/HDL-C elevada. La GAA se asoció significativamente con HTA (p <0,001) y relación TG/HDL-C elevada (p <0,001). Conclusiones: Los valores de HTA y la relación TG/HDL-C elevada fueron los dos factores que se asociaron con la GAA en esta muestra. Se recomienda su pesquisa como marcadores tempranos para prevenir el riesgo de DM2.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The identification and intervention of the metabolic states prior to the diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), allows to avoid the appearance of the disease in a high percentage of the cases. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with the values of fasting altered glycemia (GAA) in non-diabetic adult women, concurrent to nutritional consultation at the Endocrinological Center of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional and analytical study in a non-probabilistic sample of 316 women (40 to 65 years) without diabetes and not pregnant, who were classified according to fasting glycemia in two Groups (Gl <100 mg/dl and Gl≥100 and <126 mg/dl). They were studied as risk factors related to GAA: increased waist circumference (WC) >88 cm, unhealthy body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2, physical inactivity (less than 150 minutes a week), arterial hypertension (HT: ≥140/90 mmHg) and elevated TG/HDL-C ratio (≥3). The statistical program SPSS 19.0 was used to calculate mean, standard deviation and Chi square test. The level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: The mean age was 53.6 (SD = 6.5) years (35.8% premenopausal and 64.2% postmenopausal). 33.2% of the sample had GAA. 52.8% had unhealthy weight and 45.3% had increased BCA. 66.5% were sedentary, 21.5% had a diagnosis of hypertension and 22.2% had a high TG/HDL-C ratio. GAA was significantly associated with HTA (p<0,001) and elevated TG / HDL-C ratio (p <0,001). Conclusions: The HTA values and the elevated TG/HDL-C ratio were the two factors that in this study were associated with GAA in this sample. Their research is recommended as early markers to prevent the risk of DM2.

Patrones dietéticos y síndrome metabólico en mujeres con exceso de peso de 18 a 45 años de edad / Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome components in women with excess weight 18 to 45 years old

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la asociación de patrones dietéticos y componentes del síndrome metabólico (SM) en mujeres adultas con exceso de peso. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal que incluye datos antropométricos, dietéticos, bioquímicos y de presión arterial. Se identificaron patrones dietéticos mediante análisis de factores y se emplearon modelos de regresión logística múltiple, para analizar asociaciones. Resultados: Las prevalencias fueron: glucosa alterada 14.6%, hipertrigliceridemía 40.4%, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDLc) bajas 45.0%, hipertensión 4.6% y SM de 30%. El patrón con alto consumo de tortilla de maíz, carnes y leguminosas se asoció con menor posibilidad de hiperglucemia (OR= 0.62; IC95% 0.39-0.98). El patrón con alto consumo de botanas dulces y saladas, leche, arroz, sopas y pastas, se asoció inversamente con la posibilidad de baja concentración de HDLc (OR= 0.76; IC95% 0.60-0.97). Conclusiones: Un patrón dietético con mayor consumo de leguminosas, carne y tortilla de maíz se asoció con menor posibilidad de tener hiperglucemia.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome (MS) components in adult women with excess weight. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with anthropometric, dietary, biochemical and blood pressure data. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis and multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze associations. Results: The prevalence of altered glucose was 14.6%, of hypertriglyceridemia 40.4%, of altered concentation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) 45.0%, hypertension 4.6% and MS 30%. The pattern with high consumption of corn tortillas, meats and legumes, was associated with less possibility of hyperglycemia (OR= 0.62; 95%CI 0.39-0.98). The pattern with high consumption of sweet and salty snacks, milk, rice, soaps and pasta, was inversely associated with the possibility of low HDLc concentration (OR= 0.76; 95%CI 0.60-0.97). Conclusions: A dietary pattern with greater consumption of legumes, meats and corn tortillas was associated with less possibility of having hyperglycemia.

Study on Recognition and Menu Development Direction of Medicated Diet Gruel: Focusing on Elders in Daejoen Area

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of medicinal herbs, which are useful for the treatment of chronic diseases and physical characteristics of the elderly. A total of 151 adult women aged 65 years or older currently living in Daejeon were enrolled. The contents of this study were parents' health status, recognition of the necessity for a dietary therapy, awareness of medicinal herbs, requirements for medicinal herbs, physician of medicinal herbs and obstacles to medicinal herbs. Based on these results, the differences in the perception of medicinal herbs according to the dietary needs group as well as differences in the perception of medicinal herbs according to medicinal herbicidal groups were analyzed. Of the 151 subjects, 90.7% were married, and 44.4% of them were aged between 40 and 49. Most of the patients were aged in their 70s (68.9%), and 79.5% of had chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and heart disease. It is recognized that dietary therapy is necessary for the treatment of diseases, and awareness of medicinal herbs is low but necessary. As for the requirements for medicinal herbs, the most favored was ‘porridge for the prevention and treatment of diseases’, and 72.2% of medicinal herbs were physicians. However, problems cited were availabitity of ingredients, cooking technique, price of ingredients, and others. In addition, both groups requiring dietary therapy and having high awareness of medicinal herbs felt that medicinal herbs would be helpful in treating diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a simple medicinal herb recipe for each disease and to develop anti cooked medicinal herbs.

Experience of taking Oral Contraceptives in Adult Women

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore essences and meanings of using oral contraceptives among adult women. METHODS: The interview was conducted with 20 adult women who lived in Seoul, Gyeongi Province, Jeolla Province, Chungcheong Province, and Gangwon Province. Participants with the experience of using oral contraceptives for contraception were selected by convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: Five themes revealed: ‘Lack of information and knowledge regarding oral contraceptives’, ‘Inconvenient and difficult purchase process of oral contraceptives’, ‘Pressure and fear regarding other people's reaction’, ‘Self-centered thinking toward the use of oral contraceptives’, ‘A need for a change in public awareness and policy’. CONCLUSION: A change in society's perception about oral contraceptives is required for safe contraceptives use. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the correct usage of oral contraceptives, and to develop a program for changing the paradigm of sex education.

Estatus de vitamina D en mujeres adultas hipotiroideas controladas: Relación con el estado nutricional / Vitamin D status in controlled hypothyroid adult women: Relationship with nutritional status

Introducción: El déficit de vitamina D prevalece a nivel mundial, pudiendo afectar a personas de cualquier edad. Esta hipovitaminosis ha sido vinculada con enfermedades como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, insulinorresistencia, síndrome metabólico, obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, alteraciones inmunológicas, musculares y caídas, entre otras. Objetivo: Conocer las concentraciones plasmáticas de vitamina D en mujeres adultas hipotiroideas y su relación con el estado nutricional. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo sobre datos secundarios de vitamina D25OH, peso y talla de 80 mujeres adultas, mayores de 40 años, hipotiroideas controladas con levotiroxina, concurrentes a consultorio privado (Martínez, provincia de Buenos Aires). Variable dependiente: estatus de vitamina 25(OH)D3 (ng/ml) estratificado en suficiente (> 30 ng/ml), déficit leve (entre 20 y 30 ng/ml) y déficit grave (< 20 ng/ml). Variable independiente: estado nutricional según índice de masa corporal, categorizado en normopeso (18,5 a 24,9 kg/m²) y sobrepeso u obesidad (≥ 25 kg/m²). Datos obtenidos de historia clínica. La 25(OH)D3, fue determinada en laboratorio del centro médico, por radioinmunoanálisis (DiasorinNR) a través de muestra de sangre venosa en ayunas. El peso y la talla, por nutricionista del centro, con metodología estandarizada. Análisis estadístico con software SPSS 19.0, presentando medidas de tendencia central, comparación de medias con ANOVA, X² y correlación de Pearson. Significación de p: < de 0,05. Resultados: Edad media ± desviación estándar: 57,4 ± 5 años, 57,5% normopeso y 42,5% sobrepeso u obesidad. Valores medios de 25(OH)D3: 26,9 (DS: 10,5) ng/ml. Estatus suficiente: 35%; déficit leve: 36,3% y déficit grave: 28,7%. Sin diferencias de medias significativas entre D25OH y valores de tirotrofina (TSH) plasmática (p: 0,563). Asociación inversa entre D25OH e IMC (r: S0,577; p: 0,000) y edad (r: S0,270; p: 0,015). Conclusiones: La mayoría de la muestra presentó disminución de valores plasmáticos de 25(OH)D3. Se observó una disminución del estatus de vitamina D a medida que aumentaron el peso corporal y la edad.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide. It can affect people of different ages. This vitamin deficiency has been linked with diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, immune disorders, muscle disorders and falls, among others. Objective: To determine the plasma concentrations of vitamin D in hypothyroid adult women and its relationship with nutritional status. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study limited to 80 hypothyroid adult women, aged over 40 years, controlled with levothyroxine, and for whom weight, height, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) data were available. They attended a private clinic in Martínez (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Dependent variable: Serum 25(OH)D concentration (ng/ml) stratified as sufficient (> 30 ng/ml), mild deficiency (20 to 30 ng/ml), and severe deficiency (<20 ng/ml). Independent variable: nutritional status by BMI, classified as normal weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m²) and overweight or obesity (≥ 25 kg/m²). Data were obtained from clinical records. Total serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured using radioimmunoassay (DiasorinNR) in a fasting venous blood specimen by the laboratory of the medical centre. Weight and height were measured by a nutritionist using standardised methodology. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software, establishing measurements of central tendency. Mean differences were compared using the Student t-test or ANOVA, X², and Pearson correlation, with significance level set at P<.05. Results: The mean age was 57.4 (SD: 5) years, with 57.5% being of normal weight and 42.5% overweight or obesity. The mean value of 25(OH)D was 26.9 (SD: 10.5) ng/ml. Sufficient vitamin status, was observed in 35%, a mild deficiency in 36.3%, and a severe deficiency in 28.7%. No significant differences were found between the mean 25(OH)D and thyrotropin (TSH) levels (P=.563). There was a significant inverse association between 25(OH)D and BMI (r = -0.577; P=.000) and age (r = -0.270; P=.015). Conclusions: Most of the patient sample showed decreased plasma levels of 25(OH)D. Serum 25(OH)D was shown to decrease as body weight and age increased.

Epidemiological Investigation of Urinary Incontinence Among Adult Women in Two Communities in Kunming / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of urinary incontinence of the adult women in two communities in Kunming so as to obtain basic epidemiological data,draw epidemiological regularity of adult women urinary incontinence in this two communities.Methods International Consultation on Inconvenience Questionnaire Short Form (ICQ-SF) survey was conducted among adult women Shuanglongqiao community and Zongshuying community during April 2012 to April 2013.Results (1) The prevalence rate of urinary incontinence among adult women was 16.84％.The constituent ratio of stress urinary incontinence was 42.6％,mainly with mild occurrence.Women over 41 years old were found with moderate and severe urinary incontinences.(2) The prevalence of urinary incontinence increased with age,especially the middle-aged and elderly women.The incidence was related to educational background,occupation,marriage and pregnancy status,and history of pelvic surgery (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Urinary incontinence affects middle-aged and elderly women.There are differences of the prevalence of urinary incontinence among adult women with different nationality,occupation,educational background,marriage and pregnancy status,and history of pelvic surgery.

Perception on Optimal Diet, Diet Problems and Factors Related to Optimal Diet Among Young Adult Women Using Focus Group Interviews: Based on Social Cognitive Theory / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Study purpose was to investigate perception on diet, diet problems and related factors among young adult women using focus group interviews (FGI) based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). METHODS: Eight groups of FGI were conducted with 47 female undergraduate or graduate students. Guide for FGI included questions regarding perception on optimal diet, diet problems and cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors of SCT. FGI were video, audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed by themes and sub-themes. RESULTS: Subjects showed irregular eating habits (skipping breakfast, irregular meal time) and selection of unhealthy foods as the main diet problems. Regarding cognitive factors related to optimal diet, subjects mentioned positive outcome expectations (e.g., health promotion, skin health, improvement in eating habits, etc.) and negative outcome expectations (e.g., annoying, hungry, expensive, taste). Factors that promoted optimal diet were mainly received from information from mobile or internet and access to menu or recipes. Factors that prevented optimal diet included influence from friends, lack of time and cooking skills. Behavioral factors for optimal diet included behavioral capability regarding snacks, healthy eating and smart food selection. Subjects mentioned mass media (mobile, internet, TV) as the influential physical environment, and significant others (parents, friends, grandparents) as the influential social environment in optimal diet. For education topics, subjects wanted to learn about healthy meals, basic nutrition, disease and nutrition, and weight control. They wanted to learn those aspects by using mobile or internet, lectures (cooking classes), campaign and events. CONCLUSIONS: Study results might be used for planning education regarding optimal diet for young adult women. Education programs need to focus on increasing positive outcome expectations (e.g., health) and behavioral capability for healthy eating and food selection, reducing negative outcome expectations (e.g., cost, taste) and barriers, making supportive environments for optimal diet, and incorporating topics and methods found in this study.

Cumplimiento del tratamiento farmacológico en mujeres adultas con hipotiroidismo primario / Drug Treatment Adherence in Adult Women with Primary Hypothyroidism

Introducción: La falta de cumplimiento al tratamiento puede ser causa del fracaso terapéutico en pacientes hipotiroideos. Objetivos: Conocer en mujeres adultas hipotiroideas el cumplimiento al tratamiento farmacológico según el nivel de conocimiento de la enfermedad, los síntomas y signos que la caracterizan y la forma de controlarla. Material y Métodos: Diseño observacional transversal en muestra no probabilística de mujeres mayores de 40 años con hipotiroidismo primario tratadas con levotiroxina, que asistieron a realizarse prueba de laboratorio a un Instituto de Análisis de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) entre los meses de agosto y octubre de 2012. Variables: Por interrogatorio directo se estudió el conocimiento de la enfermedad medido por el Test de Batalla y cumplimiento al tratamiento farmacológico medida con el test de Morisky-Green. Estadística con el paquete estadístico SPSS 15.0 estableciendo medidas de tendencia central, Odds Rattio, X² o Prueba de Fisher según el tamaño muestral. Resultados: Se evaluaron 171 mujeres con edad promedio de 54,8 ± 7,2 años. El 57,3 % refiere un correcto conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. El 74,3 % cumple el tratamiento farmacológico. El 97,1 % de la muestra refiere tomar la levotiroxina en ayunas, el 19,9 % olvida alguna vez tomarla y solo el 5,8 % afirma abandonar el fármaco en caso de malestar. Al asociar el conocimiento de la enfermedad con el cumplimiento de la ad­ministración del fármaco, se observó que a pesar que un 42,7 % del total de mujeres no tienen conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, un 29,3 % de ellas igualmente cumple el tratamiento, no encontrándose asociación significativa entre ambas variables (OR = 1,68; IC95 % = 0,84-3,36; p = 0,15). Conclusiones: Poco más de la mitad de la muestra conoce acerca de la enfermedad. La mayoría cumple el tratamiento farmacológico. No se encontró asociación significativa entre el conocimiento de la enfermedad y el cumplimiento de su tratamiento.

Introduction: Non-adherence to treatment may be a cause of therapeutic failure in hypothyroid patients. Aims: To assess adherence to drug treatment in hypothyroid adult women by level of knowledge of the disease, signs and symptoms that characterize it and how to control it. Material and methods: Cross-sectional design; non-random sample of women aged 40 and older, with primary hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine, who attended the Instituto de Análisis de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) for laboratory testing between August and October 2012. Variables studied: knowledge of the disease measured by Batalla´s Test and adherence to drug treatment measured by Morinsky Green's Test. Data collection was performed by direct questioning. Statistical analysis performed by SPSS 15.0 establishing measures of central tendency, Odds Ratio X² and Fisher test according to sample size. Results: We evaluated 171 women with an average age of 54.8 ± 7.2 years; 57.3 % reported a correct level of knowledge about the disease, 74.3 % adhered to drug treatment, 97.1 % of the sample reveals taking levothyroxine while fasting, 19.9 % admits sometimes forgetting to take it and only 5.8 % admitted to discontinuing the drug in case of discomfort. When associating knowledge of the disease with adherence to drug administration, we observed that although 42.7 % of women had no knowledge about the disease, 29.3 % of them also adhered to treatment, finding no significant association between the two variables (OR = 1.68; IC95 % = 0.84-3.36; p = 0.15). Conclusions: Just over half of the sample has knowledge about the disease. Most adhere to drug treat­ment. No significant association between knowledge of the disease and adherence to treatment was found.

Association of Anthropometric and Biochemical Factors with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Women Data from the Fourth (2008~2009) and Fifth (2010~2011) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES IV & V)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affect bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adult women (20~80 or =80 yr group for total femoral). BMD continuously increased with increased weight and body mass index (BMI). High values of total cholesterol (T-scores of -0.005 in 201~229 mg/dL group and -0.094 in > or =230 mg/dL group for total femoral) and alkaline phosphatase (T-scores of 0.481 in > or =102 IU/L group and -0.674 in > or =336 IU/L group for total femoral) were associated with lower BMD. Overall height, weight, and BMI were positively associated with BMD, whereas total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were negatively associated with BMD. Findings of the present study show that bone loss may be associated with various factors such as age, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, and ALP et al., and that much attention should be paid to bone health of adult women. Therefore, practical and systematic programs are required to improve the BMD of adult women as well as to maintain healthy bone levels.

Various Factors Affecting the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Young Adult Women: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011

This study investigated factors affecting the bone mineral density (BMD) of Korean young adult women (20~30 yrs) living in Seoul, according to the state of employment. Data on BMD and anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) (2010~2011). BMD of the working group (WG) was generally higher than that of the non-working group (NWG). The prevalence of osteopenia, and osteoporosis between the groups was 29.0/31.5%, and 12.9/18.5% from 20~29 yrs as well as 25.5/24.1%, and 20.2/20.5% from 30~39 yrs, respectively. From 20~29 yrs, prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the WG was lower than that of the NWG. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the WG was lower than that of the NWG. In the WG, from 20~29 yrs, total femur BMD showed significant positive correlations with waist circumstance and BMI. In the NWG, from 20~29 yrs, total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMDs showed significant positive correlations with weight and fat mass, whereas they showed significant negative correlations with vitamin D. In the WG, from 30~39 yrs, total femur and femoral neck BMDs showed significant positive correlations with weight and free fat mass. The results of this study show that BMD of young adult women is insufficient regardless of their employment status. Therefore, practical and systematic programs are required to improve the BMD of young adult women as well as to maintain healthy bone levels.

Hacia una medida objetiva de la discriminación en la cárcel: indicadores e índice de punición / Towards an objective measure of discrimination in jail: punishment indicators and index / Para uma medida objetiva da discriminação na cadeia: indicadores e índice do punição

La mayoría de las mujeres encarceladas en España cumplen sus condenas en cárceles mixtas, diseñadas por y para hombres. Además de sufrir un régimen de vida y seguridad que excede su peligrosidad y penaliza sus posibilidades de reingreso, la cultura del patriarcado reproduce en la cárcel su carácter discriminatorio con ellas, y llega incluso a castigarlas con más dureza que a sus compañeros. Aunque esta discriminación ya había sido enunciada anteriormente (Carlen & Worrall, 2004; Almeda, 2003), este artículo expone un método creado ad hoc, que permite medirla de manera empírica y objetiva. Los indicadores y el índice de punición aquí descritos han sido desarrollados en el marco del proyecto de investigación “SINDISCRIP” (Sistema de Indicadores de Discriminación en Instituciones Penitenciarias) , cuyo propósito principal era la creación de un sistema de información que permitiese observar la posible existencia de discriminación entre hombres y mujeres en y entre los distintos centros penitenciarios españoles. En este sistema también se abordaban otros indicadores, que examinaban las áreas de salud, trabajo, educación o condiciones de vida.

Most women imprisoned in Spain are serving their sentences in mixed jails designed by men and for men. Apart from suffering exceedingly hard regime, security and safety conditions above their own dangerousness and tending to penalize their potential re-entry, the “patriarchy culture” reproduces in prison its discriminatory nature against them and at times may even punish them more severely than their male counterparts. Although this discrimination had already been revealed (Carlen & Worrall, 2004; Almeda, 2003), this article presents a method created ad hoc that can be measured in an empirical and objective manner. Both punishment indicators and the index described have been developed within the framework of the “SINDISCRIP” (“Sistema de Indicadores de Discriminación en Instituciones Penitenciarias) research project, the main purpose of which was the creation of an information system whereby it could be possible to verify the potential existence of discrimination between men and women and the different Spanish correctional centers. Likewise, this system other indicators used to examine the areas of health, work, education or life conditions had been approached.

A maioria das mulheres presas na Espanha cumpre suas penas nas cadeias misturadas, projetadas por e para homens. Além de sofrer um regime da vida e da segurança que supera sua perigosidade e penaliza suas possibilidades de reingresso, a cultura do patriarcado reproduz na cadeia seu caráter discriminatório com elas, e chega a puni-las com mais dureza do que a seus companheiros. Embora esta discriminação já foi enunciada previamente (Carlen & Worrall, 2004; Almeda, 2003), este artigo expõe um método criado ad-hoc, que permite medi-la de maneira empírica e objetiva. Os indicadores e o índice da punição descritos aqui foram desenvolvidos dentro da estrutura do projeto da investigação “SINDISCRIP” (Sistema dos indicadores da discriminação em instituições penitenciárias), cujo propósito principal era a criação de um sistema de informação que permitisse observar a possível existência da discriminação entre homens e mulheres e entre os diferentes centros penitenciários espanhóis. Neste sistema também abordam-se outros indicadores que examinaram as áreas de saúde, de trabalho, de educação ou de condições de vida.

Estimación del consumo de sodio en mujeres adultas a partir del sodio urinario de 24 horas / Estimation of sodium intake in adult women through 24-hour urinary sodium excretion / Estimativa do consumo de sódio emmulheres adultas a partir do sódiourinário de 24 horas

La excreción de sodio en orina de 24 horas es considerado un marcador confiable para obtener el consumo desodio dietético.Objetivos: Estimar consumo de sodio por excreción urinaria de sodio 24 horas, en mujeres adultas concurrentes al Laboratorio 12 de Octubre Dr. Wolfthal-Quilmes- Provincia de Buenos Aires. Conocer variación de la ingesta según la edad y adecuación a recomendaciones de la OMS. Metodología: Estudio transversal retrospectivo, sobre base de datos de mujeres (45 a 65 años), con valores de diuresis y electrolitos urinarios en 24 horas. Variable dependiente: ingesta de sodio (como g ClNa/día); Variables independientes: sodio urinario 24hs (mEq/24hs), edad (en años y categorizada en lustros) y etapa biológica (pre y postmenopausia). La concentración de sodio urinario se obtuvo por método ión selectivo en equipo Tecnolab (Valor referencia:151-210 mEq/24 hs). Para predecir ingesta de sodio se utilizó ecuación de Tanka donde ClNa (g/día) = Nag/d x 100/39,3. Análisis estadístico con SPSS 15.0, calculando media, desvío estándar y cuartilos; ANOVA y correlación de Pearson con p<0,05. Resultados: Se evaluaron 126 mujeres (56,6±5,8 años); ingesta de sodio: 7,1±3,2 g ClNa/día; excreción urinaria de sodio:120,9±55,2 mEq/24hs. Consumo de sodio en cuartil más alto: 8,5 g ClNa/día y en cuartil más bajo: 4,8 g ClNa/día. Se observó correlación negativa entre consumo de sodio y edad (r= - 0,263; p=0,003). No se encontró correlacióncon etapa biológica. Conclusiones: El 68.3% de la muestra no cumple con las recomendaciones actuales de sodio dadas por la OMS de 5 g/día.

The 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is considered a reliable marker for dietary sodium intake. ObjectivesTo estimate the sodium intake through 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in adult women attending the 12 de Octubre-Dr. Wolfthal Laboratory, Quilmes, Buenos Aires Province. To know the sodium intake variations according to age and adequacy to WHO recommendations. MethodologyA retrospective cross-sectional study investigating a women database (45-65 years), with values of diuresis and urinary electrolytes in 24 hours. Dependent variable:sodium intake (g NaCl/day), independent variables: 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (mEq/24hrs), age (in yearsand categorized in five-year periods) and biological stage(pre and postmenopausal women). Urinary sodiumconcentration was determined by using the ion-selective electrode method in Tecnolab equipment (baseline: 151-210 mEq/24 hrs). To predict sodium intake, the Tanaka’sequation was used, where NaCl (g/day) = Na g/d x100/39.3. The statistical analysis was performed usingSPSS 15.0 software, and mean, standard deviation and quartiles values were calculated; ANOVA and Pearson correlation with p <0.05.Results:126 women (56.6 ± 5.8 years) were evaluated, sodiumintake: 7.1 ± 3.2 g NaCl/day, urinary sodium excretion:120.9 ± 55.2 mEq/24hrs. Sodium consumption in the highest quartile: 8.5 gNaCl/day and in the lowest quartile: 4.8 g NaCl/day.A negative correlation was observed between sodium intake and age (r = - 0.263, p = 0.003). There was no correlation with biological stage. Conclusions:68.3% of the study population does not meet current WHO recommendations on sodium consumption of 5g/day.

A excreção de sódio em urina de 24 horas é considerado dietético. Objetivos Estimar o consumo de sódio por excreção urinária de sódio 24 horas, em mulheres adultas que comparecer a mao Laboratório 12 de Octubre Dr. Wolfthal-Quilmes-Província de Buenos Aires. Conhecer variação da ingestão segundo a idade e adequação às recomendações da OMS. Metodologia:Estudo transversal retrospectivo, sobre base de dados de mulheres (45 a 65 anos), com valores de diurese e eletrólitos urinários em 24 horas. Variável dependente: ingestão de sódio (como g ClNa/dia); Variáveis independentes: sódio urinário 24hs (mEq/24hs), idade ( em anos e categorizada em quinquênios) e etapa biológica (pré e pós-menopausa). A concentração de sódio urinário foi obtida através do método íon seletivo em equipamento Tecnolab (Valor referência 151-210 mEq/24 hs). Para predizer a ingestão de sódio foi utilizada a equação de Tanka onde ClNa(g/dia) = Na g/d x 100/39,3. Análise estatística com SPSS®15.0, calculando média, desvio padrão e quartis; ANOVA e correlação de Pearson com p <0,05.Resultados: Foram avaliadas 126 mulheres (56,6±5,8 anos); ingestão de sódio: 7,1±3,2 g ClNa/dia, excreção urinária de sódio:120,9±55,2 mEq/24hs. Consumo de sódio em quartil mais alto: 8,5 g ClNa/dia e em quartil mais baixo: 4,8 g ClNa/dia.Observou-se correlação negativa entre consumo de sódio e idade (r= - 0,263; p=0,003). Não se encontrou correlação com etapa biológica.Conclusões68.3% da amostra não cumprem com as recomendações atuais de sódio dadas pela OMS de 5 g/dia.

Representaciones sociales de madres con hijos de ambos sexos abusado sexualmente por un familiar o conocido cercano / Social representations of mothers with children sexually abused

En el presente estudio se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo fue reconstruir las Representaciones Sociales del abuso sexual intrafamiliar de mujeres adultas habitantes de dos comunas de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Fueron entrevistadas 52 mujeres adultas: madres con hijos abusados sexualmente por un familiar o conocido cercano, mujeres sin hijos y mujeres con hijos sin ser abusados. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas textualmente y analizadas según los procedimientos metodológicos formulados por Glaser y Strauss en la Teoría Fundada Empíricamente. La sección resultados incluye un Análisis Descriptivo de la información recolectada, de la cual se desprenden cuatro categorías: antecedentes contextuales, antecedentes de género, experiencias de su historia sexual y reacción a la develación de abuso sufrida por un menor; Análisis Relacional entre los antecedentes y reacción; y finalmente un Modelo Hipotético Interpretativo donde se explican los factores asociados al abuso intrafamiliar en las mujeres adultas.

This study presents the results of a qualitative research whose objective was to reconstruct the social representations of intrafamilial sexual abuse of adult women living in two municipalities of the Metropolitan Region, Chile. We interviewed 52 adult women: mothers with children sexually abused by a family member or close acquaintance, childless women and women with children without being abused. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to the methodological procedures formulated by Glaser and Strauss in empirically grounded theory. The results section includes a descriptive analysis of the data collected, from which emerge four categories: contextual history, gender history, experiences of sexual history and reaction to the unveiling of abuse suffered by a minor; Relational Analysis between the background and reaction, and finally an Interpretive hypothetical model which explains the factors associated with domestic abuse in adult women.

Conductas y actitudes alimentarias, imagen corporal y perfeccionismo en estudiantes universitarias mujeres / Eating behaviors and attitudes, body image and perfectionism in female college students

Objetivo: comparar estudiantes universitarias mujeres con y sin riesgo de trastorno alimentario, en función de características asociadas a dichas patologías. Muestra: 83 mujeres de 19 a 31 años, estudiantes de una universidad pública de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Procedimiento: las participantes completaron un Cuestionario de datos, Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991; adaptación Rutsztein et al., 2006) y la Almost Perfect Scale Revised (Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi & Ashby, 2001; adaptación Arana, Keegan & Rutsztein, 2009). Resultados: las mujeres con riesgo de trastorno alimentario presentan mayor porcentaje de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y vómitos autoinducidos, además de puntajes superiores en la mayoría de las subescalas del EDI-2 y en la subescala Discrepancia de la APS-R. Conclusiones: las mujeres con riesgo de trastorno alimentario presentan un mayor nivel de perfeccionismo desadaptativo. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para el desarrollo de tratamientos para sintomatología específica de trastorno alimentario.

Objective: to compare female university students with and without risk of eating disorders, based on characteristics associated with these disorders. Sample: 83 women aged 19 to 31 years old, students from a public university in the City of Buenos Aires. Procedure: Participants completed a Data questionnaire, Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991; adaptation Rutsztein et al., 2006) and the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi & Ashby, 2001; adaptation Arana, Keegan & Rutsztein, 2009). Results: Women presenting risk of eating disorders have a higher percentage of body image dissatisfaction and self-induced vomiting, as well as higher scores in most of the subscales of the EDI-2 and the Discrepancy subscale of the APS-R. Conclusions: Women presenting risk of eating disorders have a higher level of maladaptive perfectionism. These indings are relevant to the development of treatments for eating disorder symptomatology.